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Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 16 November, Russia’s Gazprom Export ceased supplying gas to Austria’s OMV under a long-term contract. Its terms envisioned the delivery of around 5 TWh of gas (0.5 bcm) monthly till 2040. The cessation of supplies follows the OMV’s win…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
In the parliamentary election held in Romania on 1 December, the centre-left Social Democratic Party (PSD), which co-formed the ruling coalition, secured the largest share of the vote, gaining 22.4% in the Senate election and 22.1% in the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Górecki
On 28 November, Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze announced that Georgia would not initiate accession talks with the EU until 2028. During this time, the country will also refuse to accept any EU funds, as “European politicians and…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus, Krzysztof Nieczypor
On 30 October, the European Commission published its annual enlargement reports containing a detailed assessment of the state of play and the progress made by the countries seeking to join the European Union, including Ukraine and Moldova…
OSW Commentary |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
The Kurdish question – a term used to define the conflicting aspirations of the Turkish government and a segment of the country’s population – affects all aspects of the state’s operation. It remains inextricably linked to the country’s…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
On 21 November, the United States further tightened financial restrictions on Russia. This time, Gazprombank, along with its Swiss-based subsidiaries and over 50 smaller Russian banks involved in facilitating Russian foreign trade, was…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
On 19 November, the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) adopted (by a majority of 257 votes) the 2025 budget law, specifying that the country’s spending will amount to 3.94 trillion hryvnias (approximately $95.5 billion) and its revenues…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
The far-right populist Călin Georgescu unexpectedly won the first round of the presidential election in Romania on 24 November, contrary to all forecasts and exit polls. Georgescu was running as a formally independent candidate, although…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 November, the State Duma approved, at the third reading, the draft federal budget for 2025 and the general parameters of the 2026–27 budgets. Expenditure will increase for another consecutive year, primarily due to spending on…