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Analyses |
| Marcin Popławski
On 12 August, Turkmenistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a statement on their country’s gas cooperation between the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In this document, the vice-president of the state-owned oil and…
OSW Commentary |
| Marcin Popławski
Together with a domestic crisis at the beginning of 2022, followed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kazakhstan entered a period of fundamental challenges and re-evaluations. It took President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 14 months to stabilise…