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OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Konończuk
Despite advances by Russian forces, the third year of full-scale war has not seen a fundamental shift in the military situation. However, it has brought a significant political shift with Donald Trump assuming the US presidency on 20…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Russia is gradually advancing its ‘pivot to the East’ in natural gas exports, as evidenced by the growing importance of China, which has become Gazprom’s most significant market. The redirection of supply volumes to Asia is a necessity for…
OSW Commentary |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
The debt brake (Schuldenbremse) is a German constitutional rule introduced during the global financial crisis in 2009 to ensure the country’s financial stability. Under this mechanism, the annual federal deficit cannot exceed 0.35% of GDP…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
Russian public services face chronic difficulties due to factors such as insufficient funding, staff shortages, and the country’s uneven socio-economic development. These problems have been exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with…
OSW Commentary |
| Marek Menkiszak
Moscow has reacted to the inauguration and the initial decisions of President Donald Trump with restraint. On the one hand, Russia has sent positive signals, including congratulations and declarations of readiness for dialogue. On the…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Bogusz, Witold Rodkiewicz
China’s support for Russia in its conflict with Ukraine and the West equates to it investing in Putin’s Russia. Beijing cannot afford for Putin to fail, as this would threaten the stability of the anti-Western regime in Russia. The war in…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus
Moldova is one of the fastest depopulating countries in the world. Since it gained independence in 1991, the population of its right-bank region (the territory controlled by Chișinău, excluding the separatist region of Transnistria) has…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Kobeszko
The greatest challenge Bulgaria will face in the coming decades is addressing the persistent negative trends associated with depopulation. The country’s demographic crisis has been worsening for years, with the population steadily…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Bogusz
The increasingly intensive cooperation between Russia and North Korea since September 2023 poses a significant threat to the US-led security system in East Asia. By fostering this partnership, Moscow is creating a new axis of international…
OSW Commentary |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
Lithuania ranks among the world’s top ten fastest-depopulating countries.[1] Throughout over three decades of independence, its population has dramatically decreased by over 800,000 people. The current population stands at just 2.8 million…