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OSW Studies | | Rafał Sadowski

The aftermath of the crisis An overhaul of Ukraines banking sector

In 2014–2016, Ukraine’s banking sector was affected by what has proven to be the most serious crisis in its modern history. Almost half of the banks went bankrupt and the losses incurred by the state and banking sector clients was in…
OSW Report | | Rafał Sadowski

Belarus 2006

The presidential election strengthened Alyaksandr Lukashenka's political position, as the president extended his rule by another five years to 2011. It also reinforced the repression apparatus, consolidated the ruling group and ensured…
OSW Studies | | Rafał Sadowski

Cross-border Co-operation at the new Eastern Border of the European Union

The European Union's new border with Eastern European countries, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, is approximately 3000 km long. It has vital meaning for the Union in terms of security as well as for social and economic reasons. Unlike the…