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OSW Studies |
| Rafał Sadowski
In 2014–2016, Ukraine’s banking sector was affected by what has proven to be the most serious crisis in its modern history. Almost half of the banks went bankrupt and the losses incurred by the state and banking sector clients was in…
OSW Commentary |
| Rafał Sadowski
One of the key challenges that Ukraine is facing is the scale of its foreign debt (both public and private).
Point of View |
| Rafał Sadowski
Partnership in times of crisis Challenges for the Eastern European countries integration with Europe
Over the four years since its launch, the Eastern Partnership initiative has created frameworks and mechanisms for the integration of EaP countries with the EU. Despite this, the partner countries have so far made little meaningful…
OSW Commentary |
| Rafał Sadowski
The European Union and Ukraine initialled the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement (DCFTA) on 19 July 2012. The scope of the agreement which the EU and Ukraine reached following their negotiations is much more extensive than…
OSW Commentary |
| Artur Ciechanowicz, Rafał Sadowski
Following the victories of François Hollande in the presidential election and the Socialist Party in the parliamentary election, the existing model of relations between Germany and France as symbolised by the Merkel-Sarkozy duo is…
OSW Commentary |
| Rafał Sadowski
In 2011 the European Union began a process aimed at reforming its policy on the Eastern and Southern Neighbourhood. The change in circumstances in neighbouring countries following the Arab Spring, along with the lack of significant…
OSW Report |
| Adam Balcer, Wojciech Konończuk, Marek Menkiszak, Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski, Jerzy Rohoziński, Rafał Sadowski, Wojciech Tworkowski
The evaluation of Turkey's standpoint and potential regarding the aforementioned issues is especially important, considering the tensions existing in Turkey's relations with the EU and the USA, as well as the West's increasing engagement…
OSW Report |
| Wojciech Paczyński, Rafał Sadowski, Adam Balcer
The start of accession negotiations between Ankara and the EU is vital for the future of both Turkey and the Union, including Poland as its member state, as well as for the geopolitical situation in Eurasia (the Black Sea region, Caucasus…
OSW Report |
| Rafał Sadowski
The presidential election strengthened Alyaksandr Lukashenka's political position, as the president extended his rule by another five years to 2011. It also reinforced the repression apparatus, consolidated the ruling group and ensured…
OSW Studies |
| Rafał Sadowski
The European Union's new border with Eastern European countries, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, is approximately 3000 km long. It has vital meaning for the Union in terms of security as well as for social and economic reasons. Unlike the…