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Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
On 21 November, the United States further tightened financial restrictions on Russia. This time, Gazprombank, along with its Swiss-based subsidiaries and over 50 smaller Russian banks involved in facilitating Russian foreign trade, was…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 November, the State Duma approved, at the third reading, the draft federal budget for 2025 and the general parameters of the 2026–27 budgets. Expenditure will increase for another consecutive year, primarily due to spending on…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
As a result of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has been ongoing since 2014, and the ensuing Western sanctions, Russia has reoriented its foreign trade towards the East. This is a permanent shift which stems from Russia’s…