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OSW Commentary |
| Katarzyna Chawryło, Iwona Wiśniewska
The mobilisation of 300,000 reservists into the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which has been ongoing since the end of September 2022, has laid bare the chaos in the administrative apparatus and has given rise to concern among…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
At the end of December, Gazprom summed up the company’s preliminary results for 2022. According to the information provided, the company produced over 20% less gas last year than in 2021, that is, 412.6 bcm compared to 514.8 bcm, with…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 16 December, the European Union adopted its ninth package of sanctions against Russia. The restrictions introduced include:
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 5 December, Vladimir Putin signed the 2023 budget law which also specifies the general parameters of the budgets for 2024–5. The document assumes that the average price of Urals oil in 2023 will be US$75 per barrel, that inflation will…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In Q3 2022, the economy of the Russian Federation increasingly suffered negative consequences from the sanctions imposed on Russian exports. A ban on imports of a substantial part of Russian steel and iron into the EU came into force in…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 2 November, President Vladimir Putin announced that he had ordered Russia to resume its participation in the Black Sea Initiative, an agreement to export Ukrainian grain via a secure corridor through the Black Sea. He justified this by…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Andrzej Wilk, Sławomir Matuszak, Adam Michalski
On 29 October, explosions occurred at the Russian Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol, most likely the result of an attack using unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in the form of explosive-laden speedboats. The incident was reported by Moscow…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In response to Russia’s further aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of its territories, on 6 October the European Union adopted its eighth package of sanctions. Its most important element is the announcement, agreed…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In response to the annexation of four occupied Ukrainian regions to the Russian Federation and the Kremlin’s threats (including the possible use of nuclear weapons), Western countries are extending their sanctions on Russia, or announcing…
Analyses |
| Marek Menkiszak, Iwona Wiśniewska
On 27 July, Gazprom – following on from its announcement of 25 July – reduced gas supplies via the Nord Stream 1 (NS1) pipeline to its European customers. Gas shipments fell from about 65 million cubic metres per day (about 39% of the…