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OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
As a result of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has been ongoing since 2014, and the ensuing Western sanctions, Russia has reoriented its foreign trade towards the East. This is a permanent shift which stems from Russia’s…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
The digital transformation has become one of the Russian government’s economic priorities during Vladimir Putin’s fourth presidential term. At its core has been the development of ICT infrastructure, and especially the deployment of fifth-…
OSW Report |
| Maria Domańska, Szymon Kardaś, Marek Menkiszak, Jadwiga Rogoża, Andrzej Wilk, Iwona Wiśniewska, Piotr Żochowski
The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the most important changes that have taken place in the Kaliningrad Oblast since 2016. Part One analyses the dynamics of the political and social situation with special focus on: changes in…
OSW Report |
| Marek Menkiszak, Jan Strzelecki, Piotr Żochowski, Andrzej Wilk, Maria Domańska, Iwona Wiśniewska
Moscow has been developing a new model of governance for Kaliningrad Oblast in 2016. The changes in the regional government (the governance of the oblast was entrusted to people sent from Moscow and had no links with the region) were part…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Aleksandra Jarosiewicz, Zuzanna Brunarska
EU needs to develop a fully-fledged external energy policy; i.e. a common, coherent, strategic approach that build bridges between the interests and needs of the EU integrated energy market on the one hand and supplier countries on the…
OSW Report |
| Agata Dubas, Jadwiga Rogoża, Iwona Wiśniewska
The financial reserves accumulated in times of prosperity (more than US$162 billion in the stabilisation funds and nearly US$598 billion in the currency and gold reserve) alleviated the negative impact of the crisis, although this failed…