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Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 5 February 2023, the European Council decisions came into effect regarding the embargo on the import of Russian petroleum products to the EU and the introduction of a price cap on selling these products to third countries. The limit has…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
Russian Deputy Prime Minister Aleksandr Novak has announced that Russia’s production and exports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) rose by almost 9% to around 33 million tonnes (c. 46 bcm) in 2022. Most of the Russian LNG was produced at the…
OSW Commentary |
| Katarzyna Chawryło, Iwona Wiśniewska
The mobilisation of 300,000 reservists into the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which has been ongoing since the end of September 2022, has laid bare the chaos in the administrative apparatus and has given rise to concern among…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
At the end of December, Gazprom summed up the company’s preliminary results for 2022. According to the information provided, the company produced over 20% less gas last year than in 2021, that is, 412.6 bcm compared to 514.8 bcm, with…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 16 December, the European Union adopted its ninth package of sanctions against Russia. The restrictions introduced include:
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 5 December, Vladimir Putin signed the 2023 budget law which also specifies the general parameters of the budgets for 2024–5. The document assumes that the average price of Urals oil in 2023 will be US$75 per barrel, that inflation will…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In Q3 2022, the economy of the Russian Federation increasingly suffered negative consequences from the sanctions imposed on Russian exports. A ban on imports of a substantial part of Russian steel and iron into the EU came into force in…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 2 November, President Vladimir Putin announced that he had ordered Russia to resume its participation in the Black Sea Initiative, an agreement to export Ukrainian grain via a secure corridor through the Black Sea. He justified this by…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Andrzej Wilk, Sławomir Matuszak, Adam Michalski
On 29 October, explosions occurred at the Russian Black Sea Fleet base in Sevastopol, most likely the result of an attack using unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) in the form of explosive-laden speedboats. The incident was reported by Moscow…
Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
In response to Russia’s further aggression against Ukraine and the illegal annexation of its territories, on 6 October the European Union adopted its eighth package of sanctions. Its most important element is the announcement, agreed…