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OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The full-scale invasion of Ukraine has complicated the situation for the leadership of Russia’s regions. On the one hand, it has reinforced existing trends, including the Kremlin’s conservative personnel policy, which is characterised by…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
Russian public services face chronic difficulties due to factors such as insufficient funding, staff shortages, and the country’s uneven socio-economic development. These problems have been exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
Russia’s public services are facing chronic issues, stemming from insufficient funding, staff shortages and uneven socio-economic development. These challenges have been exacerbated by Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine, as the…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
On 8–10 September, elections at various levels were held in most Russian federal subjects. The Kremlin used them to gain more political control over the regions and their capitals. At the same time, Russia’s centralisation process has…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The Russian Federation, despite its limited abilities, has significantly strengthened its influence in Africa over recent years through the skilful use of its economic tools and ‘controlled chaos’ – a set of aggressive actions designed to…