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OSW Commentary |
| Justyna Gotkowska, Piotr Szymański
The NATO member states do not have a common position concerning sending arms supplies to Ukraine. In January, under increasing military pressure from Russia, it was the US, the UK, the Baltic states, the Czech Republic and Poland which…
Analyses |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
Due to the increasing risk of a Russian invasion of Ukraine, the growing tension in Russia’s relations with the West, and the persistent challenges on the European gas and energy market, information is being released about the plans to…
Analyses |
| Witold Rodkiewicz
On 27 and 28 January, Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Kremlin spokesman Dmitri Peskov commented for the first time on the responses which the United States and NATO gave on 26 January to Russia’s ultimatum on European security from…
OSW Report |
| Michał Kędzierski
The phasing out of coal (Kohleausstieg) is the next stage of Germany’s energy transformation, after nuclear power plant shutdowns. Lignite and hard coal still play an important role in the German energy sector, but are also a significant…
Analyses |
| Szymon Kardaś
In 2021, gas extraction in Russia amounted to 762.3 bcm, which is an annual increase of 10% compared to 2020 and of approx. 3.3% compared to 2019. Gazprom increased production to 514.8 bcm, which is 62.2 bcm more than in 2020 and a 13.6…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Tadeusz Iwański
In recent days, there has been a crisis in relations between Ukraine and Germany, caused by a series of actions by Berlin that impeded the transfer of weapons to the Ukrainian army in the face of a potential attack from Russia, as well as…
Analyses |
| Tadeusz Iwański, Krzysztof Nieczypor
In its public message, the government in Kyiv has cautiously assessed the threat of Russian aggression. It has, though, been simultaneously appealing to the West to increase military aid and to impose severe sanctions on Russia. The topic…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
In 2022, the German hydrogen foundation H2Global will begin full-scale operations. The go-ahead comes after the European Commission confirmed on 20 December 2021 that its model complies with EU regulations on state aid, and after receiving…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk
In mid-January, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF)’s extremely intensive training activity, which has been observed for several weeks, was expanded to include new elements. Preparations have begun for a series of extraordinary…
Analyses |
| Piotr Żochowski
On 20 January, Alyaksandr Lukashenka issued a decree scheduling a constitutional referendum to be held on 27 February. The vote will concern a document attached to a decree containing changes to dozens of articles of the present…