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OSW Commentary | | Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik

Ukraines Black Sea attacks take a toll on Russias economy

Since early June this year, Ukraine has stepped up drone attacks on Russian shipping in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, as well as on port infrastructure along the coast. This has severely curtailed the flow of Russian commodities…
OSW Commentary | | Sandra Baniak-Stachowiak

North Sea ports caught in a stagnation trap

For more than half a century, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Hamburg have remained Europe’s largest seaports. In recent years, however, their growth has slowed considerably, while cargo throughput has remained virtually unchanged. Although they…
OSW Report | | OSW team

A resilient Baltic. Security of energy and port infrastructure, and of maritime and air navigation

  Contents Introduction Main points I. Security of energy and telecommunications infrastructure
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Frymark

Anything is possible AfD sets its sights on power in Saxony-Anhalt

The elections scheduled for 6 September in Saxony-Anhalt will be crucial for Germany’s political system. For the first time in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) has a real chance of taking…
OSW Commentary | | Michał Kędzierski

Germanys new heating law rethinking the Wärmewende at the cost of slower decarbonisation

Friedrich Merz’s government has pushed through a sweeping overhaul of the so-called heating law, the central policy instrument for transforming the heating sector. Its previous version was one of the most controversial pieces of…
OSW Commentary | | Ilona Gizińska

Magyars first 100 days in office Hungarys transformation gathers pace

Péter Magyar’s first hundred days in office have marked Hungary’s most significant political shift since Fidesz came to power in 2010. A constitutional majority, combined with high levels of public trust, has allowed the new government to…
OSW Commentary | | Miłosz Bartosiewicz

Testing the limits Russias regional budgets in wartime

In 2025, Russia’s regional budgets recorded their highest-ever deficits and levels of debt. This reflected the financial burdens imposed by the Kremlin on the regions to support Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the broader economic…
OSW Commentary | | Marcin Jędrysiak

Between the hammer and the anvil the challenges facing Ukraines local government in wartime

Ukraine began efforts to establish a modern system of local government before Russia’s full-scale invasion. Although the reform remained incomplete, it is widely regarded as a success, even in its unfinished form, and as one of the factors…
OSW Commentary | | Michał Kędzierski

Germany doubles down on gas the next phase of the Energiewende

Germany has adopted a new financial support mechanism to incentivise energy companies to build a series of new gas-fired power plants, which are expected to enter operation in late 2031 and early 2032. The scheme is intended as a…
OSW Commentary | | Jan Nowinowski

Catching the last train Montenegro on the road to EU membership

Twenty years after declaring independence, Montenegro is the most advanced candidate currently in the EU accession process. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has provided fresh impetus to EU enlargement, not only in the eastern…