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OSW Commentary | | Iwona Wiśniewska

Russia funding the war eases the consequences of sanctions

Preliminary estimates by Rosstat indicate that in Q1 2023 Russia’s GDP decreased by 1.9% y/y, although earlier in its report the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR) estimated the decrease at 2.3%.
OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota

The EU gas market revolutionary changes and the spectre of another winter

The European Union survived last winter in a surprisingly effective way. Despite the ongoing gas crisis and Russia’s energy war with the West, there were neither painful shortages of gas or the need to ration it. This was the result of an…
OSW Commentary | | Kamil Kłysiński, Piotr Żochowski

Education serves the regime The ideologisation and militarisation of the Belarusian education system

As the Belarusian regime has intensified its policy of repression against society since August 2020, its other domestic policy priorities have come to include an overhaul of the education system and stricter supervision over Belarusian…
OSW Commentary | | Adam Michalski

Election of the century in Turkey

On 14 May Turkey will hold both presidential and parliamentary elections. Seeking to extend its 21-year rule is the Justice and Development Party (AKP), led by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Their main rival is the opposition bloc…