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OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Całus, Krzysztof Nieczypor
On 30 October, the European Commission published its annual enlargement reports containing a detailed assessment of the state of play and the progress made by the countries seeking to join the European Union, including Ukraine and Moldova…
OSW Commentary |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
The Kurdish question – a term used to define the conflicting aspirations of the Turkish government and a segment of the country’s population – affects all aspects of the state’s operation. It remains inextricably linked to the country’s…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 November, the State Duma approved, at the third reading, the draft federal budget for 2025 and the general parameters of the 2026–27 budgets. Expenditure will increase for another consecutive year, primarily due to spending on…
OSW Commentary |
| Sławomir Matuszak, Piotr Żochowski
The increasing number of men who have been granted deferment from military service in recent months and the problems in the implementation of mobilisation plans have urged the Ukrainian authorities to carry out an audit of companies deemed…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Kłysiński
The extraction of potash salts and their processing into fertilisers have long been hallmarks of Belarusian industrial success. The state-owned company Belaruskali accounted for up to 20% of the global market, relying entirely on domestic…
OSW Commentary |
| Robert Pszczel
For many years, a variety of concepts linked with the so-called European security and defence identity had appeared, vanished and re-emerged in the public space. Numerous terms and ideas related to this concept have been enjoying life of…
OSW Studies |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
The real estate boom has been the cornerstone of the ‘economic miracle’ that in recent decades has elevated China to the world’s second-largest economy and turned its metropolises into symbols of China’s development, global power and…
OSW Report |
| Kamil Kłysiński
When compared to other sectors of the Belarusian economy, agriculture is most affected by the country’s Soviet heritage. Since Belarus regained independence, large state-owned farms operating on the basis of the former sovkhozes and…
OSW Report |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
As a result of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which has been ongoing since 2014, and the ensuing Western sanctions, Russia has reoriented its foreign trade towards the East. This is a permanent shift which stems from Russia’s…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Frymark
Pro-Russian, anti-EU, and anti-American parties – the far right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the far left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – have been gaining ground in Germany. In the September elections to the Landtags in Saxony and…