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Analyses |
| Paulina Wankiewicz-Kłoczko
On 24 October, the Croatian parliament (Sabor) adopted a law reinstating compulsory military service (temeljna vojna obuka) after a 17-year hiatus. From January 2026, conscription will be mandatory for men aged 19 to 29, while women will…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
On 30 October, the first meeting in six years between Donald Trump and Xi Jinping took place. The two leaders reached an agreement to de-escalate the trade dispute, though both sides offered differing accounts of the outcome in the…
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
On 30 October, Volodymyr Kudrytskyi, former head of Ukrenergo (the national electricity grid operator), was released from custody after posting bail. Two days earlier, he had been detained by officers of Ukraine’s State Bureau of…
Analyses |
| Zuzanna Krzyżanowska
On 19 October, Tufan Erhürman was elected president of the internationally unrecognised so-called Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) with a decisive majority of 62.8% of the vote. Erhürman is an advocate of resuming reunification…
Analyses |
| Lidia Gibadło, Karol Wasilewski
On 30 October, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz paid his first visit to Ankara since taking office. During a press conference with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, he highlighted Turkey’s important role at a time when global powers…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
On 31 October, the Moldovan parliament, elected in the September election (see ‘Election in Moldova: PAS wins an outright majority once again’), voted to grant a vote of confidence to the majority government formed by the Party of Action…
Analyses |
| Joanna Hyndle-Hussein
On 29 October, the Lithuanian government decided to close the country’s two remaining open border crossings with Belarus – at Medininkai and Šalčininkai – until 30 November. The restrictions, which apply to both passenger and freight…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
On 29 October, the United States temporarily (until 29 April 2026) exempted the Germany-registered Rosneft Deutschland (RND) and RN Refining & Marketing (RNRM) from sanctions imposed a week earlier on Russia’s largest oil companies (…
Analyses |
| Krzysztof Nieczypor, Piotr Żochowski, Jacek Tarociński