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OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

USA – Germany – NATOs eastern flank Transformation of the US military presence in Europe

At the end of July, US Defence Secretary Mark Esper announced plans to withdraw approximately 12 000 US troops from Germany. Reactions in Berlin were varied. The main narrative is that of Germany being penalised and transatlantic ties…
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

European strategic autonomy or European pillar in NATO Germanys stance on French initiatives

In February this year, at the École de Guerre in Paris and at the Munich Security Conference, France’s President Emmanuel Macron again reiterated the need to strengthen European autonomy in foreign and security policy and presented yet…
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

NATO in transition

The run-up to the celebrations of NATO’s 70th anniversary in London revealed a wide range of problems the Alliance is currently facing, starting with the differing narratives on trans-Atlantic relations, the varying threat perceptions,…
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

US-German clash over international order and security The consequences for NATOs Eastern flank

This year’s Munich Security Conference has laid bare the differences in the US and German visions of international order and security in speeches given by Chancellor Angela Merkel and US Vice President Mike Pence. Germany fundamentally…
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska, Piotr Szymański

NATOs Northeast Quartet Prospects and Opportunities for Baltic-Polish Defence Cooperation

For quite some time, territorial defence seemed to be an obsolete need, a leftover from the Cold War era. However, Russia’s overt and covert uses of military force—against Georgia in 2008 and against Ukraine since 2014—have profoundly…
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

Rebuilding Germanys air defence capabilities on the eve of crucial decisions

As NATO has returned its focus to collective defence since 2014, very short, short-range and medium-range surface-based air defence has become a desirable capability. 
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

The CSDPs renaissance Challenges and opportunities for the eastern flank

On 22 June the European Council agreed on the need to launch a permanent structured cooperation (PESCO) in the field of security and defence.
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

Germanys security policy and the Trump administration modified rhetoric and moderate commitments

The new administration of President Donald Trump is pushing for its European allies to increase their defence budgets.
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska, Piotr Szymański

The Nordic countries on Nord Stream 2 between scepticism and neutrality

Sweden, Finland and Denmark have seen a revival of the debate on the Nord Stream 2 project in recent months.
OSW Commentary | | Justyna Gotkowska

High on reassurance low on deterrence – Germanys stance on strengthening NATOs eastern flank

Germany’s stance on strengthening NATO’s eastern flank has evolved over the last two years.