1 - 10 z 547
OSW Commentary |
| Konrad Popławski
Over the past decade, Chinese investors have expanded their presence in European ports, acquiring significant stakes in some of the continent’s largest terminals, including those in Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Antwerp. Following the 2008…
OSW Commentary |
| Agata Łoskot-Strachota
The EU gas market faces a turbulent year in 2025. With the cessation of Russian gas transit through Ukraine from 1 January and a significant depletion of storage reserves during the winter season, concerns over rising prices in the next…
OSW Commentary |
| Maciej Kalwasiński
In 2024, China’s economy continued to struggle with persistent challenges, including slower growth, weak consumption, and deflationary pressures. However, Chinese leaders view these difficulties as an acceptable and temporary cost of its…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
The full-scale invasion of Ukraine has complicated the situation for the leadership of Russia’s regions. On the one hand, it has reinforced existing trends, including the Kremlin’s conservative personnel policy, which is characterised by…
OSW Commentary |
| Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański
NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
The sharp increase in wartime budget spending in 2024 has helped to sustain Russia’s high economic growth rates, particularly double-digit growth in manufacturing industries serving the military. However, the number of economic challenges…
OSW Commentary |
| Wojciech Konończuk
Despite advances by Russian forces, the third year of full-scale war has not seen a fundamental shift in the military situation. However, it has brought a significant political shift with Donald Trump assuming the US presidency on 20…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Russia is gradually advancing its ‘pivot to the East’ in natural gas exports, as evidenced by the growing importance of China, which has become Gazprom’s most significant market. The redirection of supply volumes to Asia is a necessity for…
OSW Commentary |
| Aleksandra Kozaczyńska
The debt brake (Schuldenbremse) is a German constitutional rule introduced during the global financial crisis in 2009 to ensure the country’s financial stability. Under this mechanism, the annual federal deficit cannot exceed 0.35% of GDP…
OSW Commentary |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz
Russian public services face chronic difficulties due to factors such as insufficient funding, staff shortages, and the country’s uneven socio-economic development. These problems have been exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, with…