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Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski, Sebastian Płóciennik, Kamil Frymark
On September 14, the German government began deploying the third relief package – it passed a bill to introduce a Citizens’ Basic Income (Bürgergeld), which will replace a benefit for the long-term unemployed within the Hartz IV system (…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Kędzierski
The LNG terminal projects planned so far in Germany could not be implemented due to unfavourable regulatory and market conditions. The ability to opt for cheaper Russian gas, imported via pipelines, was one of the main obstacles since the…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
On 12 May, the Bundestag voted through an amendment to the Act on ensuring the energy supply (Energiesicherungsgesetz). This significantly increases the scope for state interference in the activities of companies managing Germany's…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski, Szymon Kardaś, Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 22 February, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that he had instructed the economy minister Robert Habeck to withdraw the positive assessment of the impact of launching the Nord Stream 2 (NS2) gas pipeline on the security of gas…
OSW Commentary |
| Michał Kędzierski
The German economy is heavily dependent on natural gas, almost all of which it purchases from foreign suppliers. More than half of this is from Russia. For years, Germany underestimated the dangerous degree of its gas dependence on Russia…
OSW Report |
| Michał Kędzierski
The phasing out of coal (Kohleausstieg) is the next stage of Germany’s energy transformation, after nuclear power plant shutdowns. Lignite and hard coal still play an important role in the German energy sector, but are also a significant…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
In 2022, the German hydrogen foundation H2Global will begin full-scale operations. The go-ahead comes after the European Commission confirmed on 20 December 2021 that its model complies with EU regulations on state aid, and after receiving…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski
The record-high prices of electricity and natural gas observed since mid-2021 on European exchanges have led to major rises in energy prices for consumers. The information released on 10 January by the Check24 price comparison website…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski, Szymon Kardaś, Agata Łoskot-Strachota
On 28 November, the American news website Axios reported on a non-paper that was sent on 19 November by the German government, via the embassy in Washington, to members of the US Congress concerning the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. Its…
Analyses |
| Michał Kędzierski, Szymon Kardaś
On 16 November, the German Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur, BNetzA) announced it was suspending the process of certifying Nord Stream 2 AG (NS2AG) as an independent transmission system operator. In its statement the regulator…