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OSW Commentary | | Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański

The resilience of the European Union and NATO in an era of multiple crises

NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…
OSW Commentary | | Jakub Graca, Justyna Gotkowska

NATOs nuclear deterrence is it time for change

NATO is in the process of adjusting its nuclear deterrence in response to the modernisation of Russia’s nuclear capabilities, the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons near NATO’s borders, and the Kremlin’s increasingly aggressive…
Analyses | | Ilona Gizińska, Łukasz Kobeszko

Bulgaria introduces additional fees for Russian gas transit

On 13 October 2023, a law came into effect in Bulgaria which introduces an additional transit fee (referred to as the ‘energy levy’) for the import and transit of natural gas from the Russian Federation. The new levy was introduced as part…
Analyses | | Tomasz Dąborowski, Andrzej Sadecki, Marta Szpala

Progress in the preparations for building South Stream

Russia’s Gazprom and the state-controlled Serbian and Hungarian energy companies on 29 and 31 October passed final investment decisions concerning the construction of the Serbian and Hungarian sections of the South Stream gas pipeline.…