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OSW Commentary | | Łukasz Maślanka, Piotr Szymański

The resilience of the European Union and NATO in an era of multiple crises

NATO and the EU, Europe’s two most important security institutions, are currently pursuing their second round of efforts within the past decade to enhance the crisis resilience of states and societies. The first followed Russia’s…
OSW Commentary | | Jakub Graca, Justyna Gotkowska

NATOs nuclear deterrence is it time for change

NATO is in the process of adjusting its nuclear deterrence in response to the modernisation of Russia’s nuclear capabilities, the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons near NATO’s borders, and the Kremlin’s increasingly aggressive…
OSW Commentary | | Zuzanna Krzyżanowska

On the trail of the grey wolf pan-Turkism in Turkeys foreign policy

Ankara’s active policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia is linked among other things with pan-Turkism, an idea which advocates the integration of the Turkic nations. It is continuously present in the political culture of the Turkish state…
Analyses | | Ilona Gizińska, Łukasz Kobeszko

Bulgaria introduces additional fees for Russian gas transit

On 13 October 2023, a law came into effect in Bulgaria which introduces an additional transit fee (referred to as the ‘energy levy’) for the import and transit of natural gas from the Russian Federation. The new levy was introduced as part…
OSW Commentary | | Agata Łoskot-Strachota, Mateusz Seroka, Marta Szpala

TurkStream on the diversifying south-eastern European gas market

December 2020 saw the completion of another part (Bulgaria–Serbia) of the European section of the TurkStream gas pipeline, through which gas has been exported from Russia to south--eastern Europe since January 2020. The capacity of the…
Analyses | | Mateusz Seroka

Bulgaria a Russian spy network has been dismantled

On 18 March Bulgaria’s counterintelligence arrested a group of six Bulgarians suspected of spying for Russia. According to the Prosecutor’s Office, five out of the six arrested are former or active servicemen, including officers of the…
Analyses | | Mateusz Seroka

Tension in Bulgarian-Russian relations

A number of events have taken place in Bulgaria over the past two weeks resulting in a sudden deterioration of Bulgarian-Russian relations. On 3 September, the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticised an exhibition entitled the ‘…
Analyses | | Tomasz Dąborowski, Szymon Kardaś

Russia offers a reminder of South Stream in Bulgaria

Russia has used the construction launch to demonstrate that it will not relinquish at least partial implementation of the project.
Analyses | | Tomasz Dąborowski

Bulgaria cheaper gas from Russia in exchange for the approval of South Stream

On November 15, the Bulgarian state-owned gas distributor Bulgargaz signed a ten-year contract with Russian Gazprom regarding the annual purchase of 2.9 billion m3 of gas. The contract will come into force at the beginning of 2013. Details…
Analyses | | Tomasz Dąborowski, Andrzej Sadecki, Marta Szpala

Progress in the preparations for building South Stream

Russia’s Gazprom and the state-controlled Serbian and Hungarian energy companies on 29 and 31 October passed final investment decisions concerning the construction of the Serbian and Hungarian sections of the South Stream gas pipeline.…