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Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
On 24 February, the European Union adopted its 16th package of sanctions against Russia, targeting the energy, financial, and metallurgical sectors. A key element of the package is the further tightening of restrictions on the sale of…
OSW Commentary |
| Filip Rudnik
Russia is gradually advancing its ‘pivot to the East’ in natural gas exports, as evidenced by the growing importance of China, which has become Gazprom’s most significant market. The redirection of supply volumes to Asia is a necessity for…
Analyses |
| Miłosz Bartosiewicz, Filip Rudnik
The Russian government has responded with significant delay to the worst environmental disaster in the Black Sea in years. The incident, which occurred in mid-December, was caused by a collision involving two tankers transporting heavy…
Analyses |
| Filip Rudnik
The sanctions package adopted on 10 January by the outgoing Biden administration represents the most severe blow to Russia’s oil sector since early 2023. The restrictions targeted a record number of tankers from the ‘shadow fleet’ which…