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Analyses |
| Iwona Wiśniewska, Filip Rudnik
On 21 November, the United States further tightened financial restrictions on Russia. This time, Gazprombank, along with its Swiss-based subsidiaries and over 50 smaller Russian banks involved in facilitating Russian foreign trade, was…
Analyses |
| Andrzej Wilk, Piotr Żochowski
Analyses |
| Sławomir Matuszak
On 19 November, the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) adopted (by a majority of 257 votes) the 2025 budget law, specifying that the country’s spending will amount to 3.94 trillion hryvnias (approximately $95.5 billion) and its revenues…
Analyses |
| Kamil Całus
The far-right populist Călin Georgescu unexpectedly won the first round of the presidential election in Romania on 24 November, contrary to all forecasts and exit polls. Georgescu was running as a formally independent candidate, although…
Analyses |
| Marek Menkiszak
On 21 November, Russia launched a medium-range ballistic missile of a new type, identified by the US as a modified version of the prototype RS-26 Rubezh intercontinental ballistic missile, which targeted the Yuzhmash/Pivdenmash plant in…
OSW Commentary |
| Iwona Wiśniewska
On 21 November, the State Duma approved, at the third reading, the draft federal budget for 2025 and the general parameters of the 2026–27 budgets. Expenditure will increase for another consecutive year, primarily due to spending on…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Górecki
On 19 November, the president of internationally unrecognised Abkhazia, Aslan Bzhania, stepped down and – according to some sources – left for Russia. His resignation came after negotiations between government representatives and the…
Analyses |
| Wojciech Górecki
On 16 November, Georgia’s Central Election Commission announced the official results of the parliamentary elections held three weeks earlier (see ‘The fourth term of Georgian Dream: a questionable victory‘), confirming the preliminary…
OSW Commentary |
| Sławomir Matuszak, Piotr Żochowski
The increasing number of men who have been granted deferment from military service in recent months and the problems in the implementation of mobilisation plans have urged the Ukrainian authorities to carry out an audit of companies deemed…
OSW Commentary |
| Kamil Kłysiński
The extraction of potash salts and their processing into fertilisers have long been hallmarks of Belarusian industrial success. The state-owned company Belaruskali accounted for up to 20% of the global market, relying entirely on domestic…