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OSW Commentary | | Jakub Graca, Justyna Gotkowska

NATOs nuclear deterrence is it time for change

NATO is in the process of adjusting its nuclear deterrence in response to the modernisation of Russia’s nuclear capabilities, the deployment of Russian tactical nuclear weapons near NATO’s borders, and the Kremlin’s increasingly aggressive…
OSW Commentary | | Marek Menkiszak

The capitulation of Ukraine and the Finlandisation of Europe Russias threats and offers

Over the past few weeks, the political leadership of the Russian Federation (RF) has issued a series of statements and undertaken actions primarily aimed at Ukraine and the Western countries supporting it. These statements and actions can…
OSW Commentary | | Sebastian Płóciennik

Engaging the private sector Germanys plan for the reconstruction of Ukraine

Berlin believes that the reconstruction and post-war development of Ukraine should involve not only enhancing the country’s integration with the EU market and implementing institutional reforms but also increasing engagement by the private…
OSW Commentary | | Krzysztof Nieczypor

Pax Ukrainica Ukraines hopes and expectations ahead of the summit in Switzerland

Much of Ukrainian diplomacy’s activity has been focused on efforts to persuade the world that it should support an end to the war with Russia on Ukraine’s terms.
OSW Commentary | | Filip Rudnik

Budanovs sanctions The consequences of Ukrainian attacks on Russian refineries

Ukrainian drone strikes on refinery facilities inside Russia have dealt a significant blow to the Russian fuel sector. During the first four months of 2024, the Ukrainian forces attacked more than a dozen refineries; damage of varying…
OSW Commentary | | Zuzanna Krzyżanowska

On the trail of the grey wolf pan-Turkism in Turkeys foreign policy

Ankara’s active policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia is linked among other things with pan-Turkism, an idea which advocates the integration of the Turkic nations. It is continuously present in the political culture of the Turkish state…
OSW Commentary | | Bartosz Chmielewski, Jacek Tarociński

On the warpath the development and modernisation of the Baltic states armed forces

Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 reinforced the sense of threat from Russia in the Baltic states, and spurred them to speed up the implementation of their national defence policies. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia…
OSW Commentary | | Konrad Popławski

Unequal competition The consequences of the liberalisation of EU–Ukraine road carriage for Central Europe

An agreement between the EU and Ukraine on the partial liberalisation of the carriage of freight by road, which was signed in June 2022, has caused a major transformation of this market. On the one hand, it accelerated the Ukrainian…
OSW Commentary | | Sławomir Matuszak, Konrad Popławski

Running on European tracks Modernising the rail network in western Ukraine during wartime

The Ukrainian government has used the ongoing war as an opportunity to carry out a rapid transformation of the railway infrastructure in the western part of the country. This process is expected to both increase the capacity of the railway…
OSW Commentary | | Wojciech Konończuk

Year two of the war Russia goes on the offensive the West trapped in its strategic delusions

The second year of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has not brought any breakthrough, let alone a resolution to the conflict, and all indications are that none of this could have been avoided. After 24 months of facing Russia’s full-scale…